One of the main challenges in deep learning-based underwater image enhancement is the limited availability of high-quality training data. Underwater images are difficult to capture and are often of poor quality due to the distortion and loss of colour and contrast in water. This makes it difficult to train supervised deep learning models on large and diverse datasets, which can limit the model's performance. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach to supervised underwater image enhancement. Specifically, we propose a novel unsupervised underwater image enhancement framework that employs a conditional variational autoencoder (cVAE) to train a deep learning model with probabilistic adaptive instance normalization (PAdaIN) and statistically guided multi-colour space stretch that produces realistic underwater images. The resulting framework is composed of a U-Net as a feature extractor and a PAdaIN to encode the uncertainty, which we call UDnet. To improve the visual quality of the images generated by UDnet, we use a statistically guided multi-colour space stretch module that ensures visual consistency with the input image and provides an alternative to training using a ground truth image. The proposed model does not need manual human annotation and can learn with a limited amount of data and achieves state-of-the-art results on underwater images. We evaluated our proposed framework on eight publicly-available datasets. The results show that our proposed framework yields competitive performance compared to other state-of-the-art approaches in quantitative as well as qualitative metrics. Code available at https://github.com/alzayats/UDnet .

当有足够的训练数据时，在某些视力任务中，基于变压器的模型（例如Vision Transformer（VIT））可以超越跨趋化神经网络（CNN）。然而，（CNN）对视力任务（即翻译均衡和局部性）具有强大而有用的归纳偏见。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种新颖的模型架构，我们称之为移动鱼类地标检测网络（MFLD-NET）。我们已经使用基于VIT的卷积操作（即斑块嵌入，多层感知器）制作了该模型。 MFLD-NET可以在轻巧的同时获得竞争性或更好的结果，同时轻巧，因此适用于嵌入式和移动设备。此外，我们表明MFLD-NET可以在PAR上获得关键点（地标）估计精度，甚至比FISH图像数据集上的某些最先进的（CNN）更好。此外，与VIT不同，MFLD-NET不需要预训练的模型，并且在小型数据集中训练时可以很好地概括。我们提供定量和定性的结果，以证明该模型的概括能力。这项工作将为未来开发移动但高效的鱼类监测系统和设备的努力奠定基础。

基于高质量标签的鱼类跟踪和细分的DNN很昂贵。替代无监督的方法取决于视频数据中自然发生的空间和时间变化来生成嘈杂的伪界图标签。这些伪标签用于训练多任务深神经网络。在本文中，我们提出了一个三阶段的框架，用于强大的鱼类跟踪和分割，其中第一阶段是光流模型，该模型使用帧之间的空间和时间一致性生成伪标签。在第二阶段，一个自我监督的模型会逐步完善伪标签。在第三阶段，精制标签用于训练分割网络。在培训或推理期间没有使用人类注释。进行了广泛的实验来验证我们在三个公共水下视频数据集中的方法，并证明它对视频注释和细分非常有效。我们还评估框架对不同成像条件的鲁棒性，并讨论当前实施的局限性。

在过去的二十年中，癫痫发作检测和预测算法迅速发展。然而，尽管性能得到了重大改进，但它们使用常规技术（例如互补的金属氧化物 - 轴导剂（CMO））进行的硬件实施，在权力和面积受限的设置中仍然是一项艰巨的任务；特别是当使用许多录音频道时。在本文中，我们提出了一种新型的低延迟平行卷积神经网络（CNN）体系结构，与SOTA CNN体系结构相比，网络参数少2-2,800倍，并且达到5倍的交叉验证精度为99.84％，用于癫痫发作检测，检测到99.84％。癫痫发作预测的99.01％和97.54％分别使用波恩大学脑电图（EEG），CHB-MIT和SWEC-ETHZ癫痫发作数据集进行评估。随后，我们将网络实施到包含电阻随机存储器（RRAM）设备的模拟横梁阵列上，并通过模拟，布置和确定系统中CNN组件的硬件要求来提供全面的基准。据我们所知，我们是第一个平行于在单独的模拟横杆上执行卷积层内核的人，与SOTA混合Memristive-CMOS DL加速器相比，潜伏期降低了2个数量级。此外，我们研究了非理想性对系统的影响，并研究了量化意识培训（QAT），以减轻由于ADC/DAC分辨率较低而导致的性能降解。最后，我们提出了一种卡住的重量抵消方法，以减轻因卡住的Ron/Roff Memristor重量而导致的性能降解，而无需再进行重新培训而恢复了高达32％的精度。我们平台的CNN组件估计在22nm FDSOI CMOS流程中占据31.255mm $^2 $的面积约为2.791W。

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

由于水下环境复杂，水下鱼类分割以估计鱼体测量值仍然无法解决。依靠完全监督的分割模型需要收集每个像素标签，这很耗时且容易过度拟合。自我监督的学习方法可以帮助避免大型注释的培训数据集的要求，但是，在现实世界中，它们应该达到良好的细分质量。在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于变压器的方法，该方法使用自学意义重大的鱼类分割。我们提出的模型对视频进行了培训 - 没有任何注释，可以在野外现场拍摄的水下视频中进行鱼类分割。我们表明，当对一个数据集的一系列水下视频进行培训时，该建议的模型超过了以前的基于CNN的基于CNN和基于变压器的自我监督方法，并在两个未见的水下视频数据集中相对接近具有监督方法的性能。这表明了我们的模型的概括性以及它不需要预培训模型的事实。此外，我们表明，由于其密集的表示学习，我们的模型是计算效率的。我们提供定量和定性的结果，以证明我们的模型的重要功能。

Recently, Smart Video Surveillance (SVS) systems have been receiving more attention among scholars and developers as a substitute for the current passive surveillance systems. These systems are used to make the policing and monitoring systems more efficient and improve public safety. However, the nature of these systems in monitoring the public's daily activities brings different ethical challenges. There are different approaches for addressing privacy issues in implementing the SVS. In this paper, we are focusing on the role of design considering ethical and privacy challenges in SVS. Reviewing four policy protection regulations that generate an overview of best practices for privacy protection, we argue that ethical and privacy concerns could be addressed through four lenses: algorithm, system, model, and data. As an case study, we describe our proposed system and illustrate how our system can create a baseline for designing a privacy perseverance system to deliver safety to society. We used several Artificial Intelligence algorithms, such as object detection, single and multi camera re-identification, action recognition, and anomaly detection, to provide a basic functional system. We also use cloud-native services to implement a smartphone application in order to deliver the outputs to the end users.

Understanding why a model makes certain predictions is crucial when adapting it for real world decision making. LIME is a popular model-agnostic feature attribution method for the tasks of classification and regression. However, the task of learning to rank in information retrieval is more complex in comparison with either classification or regression. In this work, we extend LIME to propose Rank-LIME, a model-agnostic, local, post-hoc linear feature attribution method for the task of learning to rank that generates explanations for ranked lists. We employ novel correlation-based perturbations, differentiable ranking loss functions and introduce new metrics to evaluate ranking based additive feature attribution models. We compare Rank-LIME with a variety of competing systems, with models trained on the MS MARCO datasets and observe that Rank-LIME outperforms existing explanation algorithms in terms of Model Fidelity and Explain-NDCG. With this we propose one of the first algorithms to generate additive feature attributions for explaining ranked lists.

Differentiable Search Indices (DSIs) encode a corpus of documents in the parameters of a model and use the same model to map queries directly to relevant document identifiers. Despite the strong performance of DSI models, deploying them in situations where the corpus changes over time is computationally expensive because reindexing the corpus requires re-training the model. In this work, we introduce DSI++, a continual learning challenge for DSI to incrementally index new documents while being able to answer queries related to both previously and newly indexed documents. Across different model scales and document identifier representations, we show that continual indexing of new documents leads to considerable forgetting of previously indexed documents. We also hypothesize and verify that the model experiences forgetting events during training, leading to unstable learning. To mitigate these issues, we investigate two approaches. The first focuses on modifying the training dynamics. Flatter minima implicitly alleviate forgetting, so we optimize for flatter loss basins and show that the model stably memorizes more documents (+12\%). Next, we introduce a generative memory to sample pseudo-queries for documents and supplement them during continual indexing to prevent forgetting for the retrieval task. Extensive experiments on novel continual indexing benchmarks based on Natural Questions (NQ) and MS MARCO demonstrate that our proposed solution mitigates forgetting by a significant margin. Concretely, it improves the average Hits@10 by $+21.1\%$ over competitive baselines for NQ and requires $6$ times fewer model updates compared to re-training the DSI model for incrementally indexing five corpora in a sequence.

In recent years, we have seen a significant interest in data-driven deep learning approaches for video anomaly detection, where an algorithm must determine if specific frames of a video contain abnormal behaviors. However, video anomaly detection is particularly context-specific, and the availability of representative datasets heavily limits real-world accuracy. Additionally, the metrics currently reported by most state-of-the-art methods often do not reflect how well the model will perform in real-world scenarios. In this article, we present the Charlotte Anomaly Dataset (CHAD). CHAD is a high-resolution, multi-camera anomaly dataset in a commercial parking lot setting. In addition to frame-level anomaly labels, CHAD is the first anomaly dataset to include bounding box, identity, and pose annotations for each actor. This is especially beneficial for skeleton-based anomaly detection, which is useful for its lower computational demand in real-world settings. CHAD is also the first anomaly dataset to contain multiple views of the same scene. With four camera views and over 1.15 million frames, CHAD is the largest fully annotated anomaly detection dataset including person annotations, collected from continuous video streams from stationary cameras for smart video surveillance applications. To demonstrate the efficacy of CHAD for training and evaluation, we benchmark two state-of-the-art skeleton-based anomaly detection algorithms on CHAD and provide comprehensive analysis, including both quantitative results and qualitative examination.